Introduction
As a quilter, I have always enjoyed seeing new interpretations of the traditional Sunbonnet Sue pattern in quilts. I had imagined that I might complete a quilt of the pattern at some time, although I recognized that my inclinations were not to reproduce a “cutesy” version of this pattern. This essay describes the making and meaning of my Dystopia Rouge: A Series of Crewel Jokes; aka Check Your Bias quilt in which all of the “Sues” were depicted as Handmaidens, the female characters described in Margaret Atwood’s 1985 novel, The Handmaid’s Tale¹ and introduced to many through the 2017 television series that brought new topical nuances to the story.² Genesis of the Idea
One of the earliest illustrations of a child wearing a sunbonnet was in the Sun-bonnet Babies Primer, a children’s learn-to-read book published in 1900.⁴ It was written by Eulalie Osgood Grover with illustrations by Bertha Corbett. Corbett’s art was likely influenced by the work of Kate Greenaway, who published ‘Under the Window’ in 1878. The translation of the Sunbonnet girls into textile imagery, folk art, and popular culture took place during the 1890s. A redwork embroidery pattern for a bonneted little girl appeared in the 1888 February issue of Harper’s, Ladies Art Patterns issued instructions for Sunbonnet Sue blocks in 1900, and a pattern by Marie Webster for an appliquéd block called ‘Sunbonnet Lassies’ was published in the Ladies Home Journal Magazine in 1911.^5,6,7 Sunbonnet Sue was even the subject of a song, recorded by Harry Macdonough & the Haydn Quartet in 1908.⁸

A search of The Quilt Index reveals that many Sunbonnet Sue quilts have been made since the early 1900s, especially during the 1920s and 1930s⁹. Then there seems to have been a lull in quilters using that pattern, but by the 1970s there was a resurgence in nostalgia for images of an innocent childhood, as witnessed by the production and marketing of images featuring Holly Hobbie.¹⁰ In parallel, the feminist movement supported a shift from images of female docility and domesticity to more relevant and contemporary interpretations of the pattern. One particularly well-known example is the 1979 quilt ‘The Sun Sets on Sunbonnet Sue’ by Seamsters Local No. 500, a group of women in Lawrence, Kansas.¹¹ Another is ‘Death Becomes Her’ made by a group of women in Missouri in 1997.¹² In 2016, I was living near Charleston, South Carolina. Following the Brexit vote in the United Kingdom (UK) to leave the European Union and the election of Donald Trump as President of the United States, I started to become interested in how protest quilts have been used to make statements about contemporary events and issues.

I was inspired to make my own protest quilt in September 2018 when I visited a quilt show in Pinehurst, North Carolina. While enjoying looking at a black and white miniature version of a Sunbonnet Sue quilt, I noticed that one Sue, rendered in black clothing, looked a little like Ruth Bader Ginsburg, a member of the U.S. Supreme Court.

 

Figure 3: Sunbonnet Sue Miniature

This connection between current events and quilts was amusing to me. Then I realized that the Sue’s in my quilt could be depicted as figures from Margaret Atwood’s dystopian novel ‘The Handmaid’s Tale’. In the 2017 television adaptation of Atwood’s novel, the Handmaidens wore red cloaks and white bonnets and the cinematography invoked parallels with current events. The Handmaiden image had begun to appear in public discourse about various issues, including a widely circulated meme of 2018 depicting the U.K. Prime Minister Theresa May as a Handmaiden to both Brexit and U.S. President Trump.^14,15 Women at rallies pertaining to reproductive rights had begun wearing white bonnets and red cloaks. My Sunbonnet Sues became Handmaidens that day in North Carolina.

At this point, I had never heard of Craftivism.¹⁶ However, as my quilt project progressed, I became increasingly aware of how quilts had long been used as tools for social change and commentary, and noted their power to send a message to another time.¹⁷ I was particularly moved by Sara Trail’s quilt ‘Rest in Power, Trayvon’¹⁸ and the Changi quilt of 1942.¹⁹

By 2019, I had finished the quilt and titled it ‘Dystopia Rouge: A Series of Crewel Jokes.’ Each of the twelve blocks, one for each month of the year, is aligned to a current affairs topic. In the border surrounding the blocks, I free-motion quilted words pertinent to the topics. The color palette was deliberately chosen to provide contrast between the crimson Handmaiden dresses and the calmness typically associated with the Japanese achromatic neutral and taupe aesthetic.²⁰

Description of and Story behind Each Block
Block 1: Women’s Rights On 21 January 2017, over seven million people around the world participated in The Women’s March. This event was in support of women’s rights and a reaction to the outcome of the 2016 U.S. General Election. Women wore knitted pink ‘pussyhats’ to protest Donald Trump’s recorded statement in which he bragged about grabbing women.²² The growing anger about sexual harassment and violence gained more traction when famous individuals such as Harvey Weinstein and others were accused and found guilty of sexual misconduct. More women and men became willing to come forward with their experiences of sexual assault and the #metoo and #timesup movements were born.²³ Celebrities began showing their solidarity by wearing black dresses or carrying white roses to prominent and public ceremonies in 2017, such as the Golden Globe, BAFTA, Grammy, and BRIT Awards.²⁴

This block acknowledges the Women’s March in 2017. I show the Handmaiden’s daughter carrying a white rose, wearing a ‘pussyhat’ and a black dress. She is one of many figures wearing ‘pussyhats’ in the quilted background.

Block 2: Valentines and LGBTQ The German anti-war anthem ‘99 Red Balloons’ was published in 1983 by Nena during The Cold War. Inspired by the imagery of balloons, the graffiti artist Banksy started the ‘Girl with Balloon’ series of stenciled murals in 2002.²⁵ On 5 October 2018, a framed print from this series was auctioned at Sotheby’s. It sold for £1,042,000 and was partially shredded moments later by a device that the artist had intentionally hidden in the frame.²⁶ In 2017 the Trump administration announced an intention to reinstate a ban on transgender individuals from serving in the military.^27,28

This block represents the mantras ‘love is love’ and ‘make love not war’. The Handmaiden holds red heart-shaped balloons to acknowledge the typical celebrations of Valentine’s Day, to celebrate Banksy‘s role in holding up a mirror to the art world establishment, and to note the concerns of the LGBTQ community about the Trump administration’s statements.

Block 3: The Power of Peaceful Protest, Responsible Gun Control Debate continues about gun control in the U.S., despite rapid action following mass shootings in New Zealand, U.K. and Australia. On 17 June 2015, nine African-American people were shot and killed inside Mother Emanuel AME Church in Charleston during a Bible study meeting by a self-confessed white supremacist.²⁹ The local community responded to the tragedy with an outpouring of support for the victims, with many prayer vigils and fundraisers, a unity rally of people and boats on the Arthur Ravenel Bridge and the Cooper River on the evening of 21 June 2015, and a funeral service for South Carolina Senator Clementa Pinckney on 26 June 2015 at which President Obama sang ‘Amazing Grace.’³⁰ On 6 July 2015, the South Carolina Senate voted to remove the Confederate flag from display outside the South Carolina State House. In February 2019, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the so-called ‘Charleston loophole’ bill, legislation intended to close a gap in the background check system that had allowed the Charleston shooter to purchase a gun.³¹

A discussion about the removal of Confederate flags and monuments from public places continued through 2015-2017. Heather Heyer was fatally injured in a car attack that took place during confrontational protests between white supremacists and counter-protesters during rallies in Charlottesville, Virginia on 12 August 2017; the driver was subsequently convicted of murder.³²

The deadliest high school shooting in U.S. history took place at the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Florida on 14 February 2018.³³ The shooter was charged with 17 counts of premeditated murder and 17 counts of attempted murder. Subsequently, a group of student survivors organized the #NeverAgain movement to demand legislative action to prevent similar shootings and call out the political role of the National Rifle Association. A number of rallies and a series of demonstrations called ‘March for our Lives’ were held on 24 March 2018.³⁴

This block acknowledges the power of peaceful protest against violence, including gun violence, around the world. The Handmaiden holds a banner offering a pun on the month of ‘March’ against a background of cityscape images including Paris, London, Sydney and Washington D.C. The daffodil represents the spring flowers that are frequently a feature of Sunbonnet Sue quilts and often worn in Wales on St. David’s Day (1 March). My intent was to commemorate the lives lost at the Charleston shooting at Mother Emanuel in 2015, in Charlottesville in 2017, at the school shooting in Florida and other mass shootings of 2018, and to recognize the large number of protest marches that took place between 2017 and 2019.

Block 4: Environment The inaugural March for Science was held on Earth Day, 22 April 2017 in Washington, D.C., and more than 600 other cities across the world.³⁵

The Paris Agreement was signed in 2016 within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and dealt with greenhouse-gas-emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance.³⁶ In June 2017, the U.S. administration announced its intent to withdraw from the agreement, although UN regulations meant that the decision didn’t take effect until 2020.³⁷

Meanwhile, climate change deniers courted publicity in equal measure to the continuing call to action on global warming articulated by Sir David Attenborough,³⁸ Greta Thunberg,³⁹ and Dame Jane Goodall.⁴⁰ This dialogue played out against a backdrop of climate-change-related natural disasters in the U.S. between 2016-2018, including Hurricane Irma, Hurricane Florence, Hurricane Michael,^41,42 wildfires and consequent mud slides in California, and increased publicity regarding global warming and plastics in the ocean.^43,44

The Flint water crisis was a public health scandal that unfolded in 2014 following the switch in the drinking water source for the city of Flint, Michigan from the Detroit water system to the Flint River, leading to the exposure of between 6,000 and 12,000 children to drinking water containing high levels of lead.⁴⁵

This block notes that as evidence for climate change mounted, there was discord around the U.S. regarding environmental policies. The Handmaiden holds a globe and stands in rising sea water.

Block 5: Emergence of the Resistance U.S. Congress authorized the creation of the U.S. Space Force in December 2019⁴⁶ and inspired a comedy series by the same name on Netflix.⁴⁷ In parallel, there was controversy regarding funding for NASA,⁴⁸ and advances were made in the use of drones for peaceful purposes, including delivery of medicines⁴⁹ and shopping.⁵⁰

This block acknowledges the contribution of technological developments to war and peace and the rise of grassroots organizations in politics. The Handmaiden salutes a ‘Star Wars’ fighter plane. The quilted logo relates to the Rebel Alliance group featured in the ‘Star Wars’ movies,⁵¹ and the line quilting represents the notations used to identify resistors in electrical diagrams⁵² and the Ohm (measure of resistance) in physics.⁵³

Block 6: Science A significant number of new drugs for the treatment of various types of cancer based on novel therapeutic approaches were approved between 2017-2019, including several monoclonal antibodies and cellular-derived or gene therapy products.^54,55,56 A vaccine for Ebola⁵⁷ was developed in record time, two vaccines for shingles were approved, and polio came close to being eradicated.⁵⁸

In contrast, vaccine hesitancy (the anti-vaxxer movement) was blamed for outbreaks of measles in several regions and cities including Minnesota in 2017 and New York in 2018.⁵⁹ And restrictions on the use of human fetal tissue in medical research came into effect in June 2019, apparently driven by the anti-abortion agenda of the Trump administration,⁶⁰ and against the advice of the American Medical Association and other scientific bodies.⁶¹

In response to a new type of ‘anti-science’ rhetoric in the popular media, an estimated 1.07 million people attended the March for Science in 2017.⁶²

This Handmaiden holds a conical flask filled with chemical structure notations against a quilted background representing DNA. This block celebrates the contribution of women to science and gives a nod to my professional career in medicine development.

Block 7: Russia An investigation of potential interference in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election by Russia was led by Special Counsel Robert Mueller. Volume 1 of the Mueller report investigates whether there was any evidence of conspiracy or coordination between the presidential campaign and Russia, and Volume 2 examines whether there was evidence for any obstruction of justice. The Mueller report was submitted to Attorney General William Barr on 22 March 2019 and a heavily redacted version was released to the public on 18 April 2019.⁶³

In this block, the Handmaiden holds a set of Russian nesting dolls and stands beside signposts that give directions to ‘follow the money,’ in order to represent the Mueller investigation.

Block 8: Immigration and the Federal Government Shutdown 2018/2019 The longest U.S. government shutdown in history to date was 22 December 2018-25 January 2019 (35 days). It was caused by an impasse between President Trump and the U.S. House of Representatives regarding appropriation of federal funding for a U.S.–Mexico border wall.⁶⁴ About 380,000 federal employees were furloughed, and an additional 420,000 employees for the affected agencies were still expected to work; the shutdown caused considerable disruption to the function of many federal agencies, including the National Parks Service. As an example, at Joshua Tree National Park, some of the Joshua trees were damaged by tourists during the shutdown, and local volunteers stepped in to protect the park.⁶⁵

Immigration debates revolved around the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) Act and the Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act, proposals intended to address the rights of undocumented immigrants who entered the U.S. as minors; the so called Dreamers.⁶⁶ Despite the history of America as being ‘a nation of immigrants’and the reforms proposed in the 1958 book by then U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy,⁶⁷ alarms were sounded over a ‘migrant caravan’ of refugees who traveled from South America with the intent of crossing into the U.S. from the Mexican border;⁶⁸ this led to children being separated from their parents and held in cages in detention centers, causing a public outcry.⁶⁹

This block represents an immigrant Handmaiden carrying a backpack, or a papoose, that is covered in flags from some of the many nations whose immigrants have contributed to the development of the U.S. I happened to be taking a hiking trip in Joshua Tree National Park around this time, so I placed the Handmaiden in that park.

Block 9: Social Media Historically, most people received news via TV, radio or newspapers. Cambridge Analytica was an advertising company whose political wing used predictive data analytics, behavioral sciences, and innovative ad tech to target and attempt to influence voters in the 2016 U.S. General Election via Facebook.⁷⁰ During the period 2016-2019, politicians and celebrities increasingly adopted Facebook, Instagram, and especially Twitter, as a means of sharing their points of view with large numbers of people in real time, effectively by-passing traditional journalism.

The shifting role of social media in news delivery during this period was effectively summarized in the 2020 docudrama ‘The Social Dilemma’. Accusations that reputable news sources such as NPR, AP, BBC and CNN were spreading ‘fake news’ encouraged a new chapter of skepticism as more and more people used social media sources to swap news, creating so called ‘echo chambers’ which contributed to an increasingly polarized political landscape.⁷¹

This block acknowledges the role of social media in supporting or creating dystopia and ‘echo chambers’. The Handmaiden holds the Twitter logo and the quilting plays on the pun of a hashtag also representing the musical notation for a sharp key, as well as showing the App identifiers for Facebook, Instagram, Messenger and WhatsApp.

Block 10: Healthcare The Affordable Care Act (also known as Obamacare) was passed in March 2010.⁷² Efforts to revise and repeal it have failed on multiple occasions, and some of the most contentious elements were providing insurance coverage for Americans with pre-existing medical conditions, such as diabetes or cancer, and the expansion of coverage under Medicaid.⁷³ The contraceptive mandate within the Act was also a focus during the Trump administration. The right to a legal and safe abortion in the U.S. was established via Roe v Wade in 1973⁷⁴ and various legal efforts were made to chip away at access to reproductive healthcare during the period 2015-2019, including the Hobby Lobby vs Burrell case, which went to the U.S. Supreme Court and allowed employers to deny their employees access to contraceptive care based on their employer’s religious or strongly held beliefs.⁷⁵ These developments were vigorously resisted by groups such as Planned Parenthood.

This block acknowledges the debates about health insurance and abortion rights in the U.S. during this period. The Handmaiden is a healthcare professional standing on a path paved with prescription medicines, and the quilting shows a range of patients, including a pregnant woman.

Block 11: Women’s Rights and Suffrage Women were granted the right to vote in the U.S. via the 19th Amendment, passed in 1920.⁷⁶ Notably this was 2 years later than in the UK (1918)⁷⁷ and many years later than women had received the right to vote in New Zealand (1893).⁷⁸ The suffragettes participated in protests and used color to ‘brand’ their cause, for example the green and purple adopted by the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) movement in the UK.79

In the U.S., there was renewed discussion about the process of partisan and racial gerrymandering of voting districts during the run-up to the 2018 mid-term elections,⁸⁰ and perceptions of voting suppression in the state of Georgia were flagged by Stacey Adams.⁸¹

This block highlights the importance of the women’s vote, and of women running for political office, in the November 2018 mid-term elections. The Handmaiden carries a banner urging women to vote and wears a sash depicting the colors of the UK WSPU movement. The jigsaw quilting pattern acknowledges the importance of fair delineation of voting district boundaries.

Block 12: Three Branches of Government and the U.S. Supreme Court In 2018, the proposal, confirmation hearings and appointment of Brett Kavanagh to the U.S. Supreme Court were extremely contentious, particularly when Professor Christine Blasey-Ford disclosed her allegation of attempted sexual assault during a high school party. On his appointment, Brett Kavanagh altered the balance between perceived conservative and liberal judges.⁸² Throughout this period, there was continuing focus on the health of Ruth Bader-Ginsberg (The ‘Notorious RBG’). Another conservative judge, Amy Coney Barrett, was appointed to the court in late October 2020 following liberal RBG’s death in September 2020 at the age of 87.⁸³

This block notes the importance of the third branch of government, the U.S. Supreme Court. This Handmaiden holds the scales of justice, reflecting the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. quote “The moral arc of the universe is long but it bends toward justice”. The free-motion quilting represents the U.S. Supreme Court building.

President Trump was impeached for the first time in December 2019⁸⁴ and for the second time in January 2021,⁸⁵ so I added a peach to this block subsequent to its original display in 2019.

Conclusion
Dystopia Rouge: A Series of Crewel Jokes was exhibited at the American Quilt Society Show in Charleston, South Carolina, in September 2019. Protest or political commentary quilts are not new, , but this was the first time I had expressed myself in this way, and I found it cathartic. I strived to select images that were somewhat witty and not overtly negative in order to avoid confrontation with those who might hold different opinions about the topics represented; hence the subtitle ‘Check Your Bias’. I am grateful for the conversations that this quilt started during its construction and as individuals are able to view it, whether in exhibitions or in The Quilt Index.

Acknowledgements
The author thanks Lisa Hand, MD and Marsha MacDowell, PhD for their thoughtful reviews.

Source for Figure 1: Bowers, Alison. Dystopia Rouge: A Series of Crewel Jokes aka Check Your Bias. 2019. From the Quilts and Human Rights Project. Published in The Quilt Index, https://quiltindex.org//view/?type=fullrec&kid=45-46-25. Accessed March 14, 2021.

Source for Figure 2: Brackman, Barbara; Metinger, Nancy; Dwigans, Cathy; Metzinger, Laurie Schwarm; Hood, Gloria; Englinski, Georgann; Dill, Bonnie; Boyer, Patty; Kelley, Bette; Jones, Carol Gilham; Dangerfield, Nadra; Anderson, Brya. The Sun Sets on Sunbonnet Sue. c.1979. From Michigan State University Museum, Michigan Quilt Project; Michigan State University Museum Collection. Published in The Quilt Index. https://quiltindex.org//view/?type=fullrec&kid=12-8-1. Accessed: February 16, 2021.

Source for Figure 3: Authors photograph, Pinehurst Quilt Show, 2018.

Source for Figure 4: The Tiny Handmaid's Tale. Welcome Back to Pottersville blog/meme. July 13, 2018. https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=tiygvcPF&id=174F8A68396AFDB99FC0C59CB11D189BFE0D66CA&thid=OIP.tiygvcPFgtFaJvMUoqrDOgAAAA&mediaurl=https%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-njNz3nqpyoA%2FW0jrLA2ihrI%2FAAAAAAAAfLs%2F4eWSFF-EG5MPyTOaFRp6W_y8s8sbfDKhACLcBGAs%2Fs400%2Fhandmaid%2BTrump.jpg&exph=388&expw=400&q=meme+theresa+may+trump+handmaid&simid=608009503895193112&ck=C7565557506B592E049018AC924BB414&selectedindex=0&form=EX0023&adlt=demote&shtp=GetUrl&shid=5a3f9933-60be-4f9c-9e9d-21e2d10c8543&shtk=V2VsY29tZSBCYWNrIHRvIEdvdGhhbSBDaXR5OiBUaGUgVGlueSBIYW5kbWFpZCdzIFRhbGU%3D&shdk=Rm91bmQgb24gQmluZyBmcm9tIHdlbGNvbWViYWNrdG9wb3R0ZXJzdmlsbGUuYmxvZ3Nwb3QuY29t&shhk=%2Fy8oSAzrc90VOCZsWloML6LfOphoLz9Iv0Xm0cSKsYk%3D&shth=OSH.UoOyVsazJ7NJ4nQ9n4bAYA

Source for Figure 5: John F. Kennedy A Nation of Immigrants. 1958. (ISBN 978-0-06-144754-9). Wikipedia. Daniela Passal - https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/68060/a-nation-of-immigrants-passal Accessed March 14, 2021.

Footnotes
¹Margaret Atwood, The Handmaid’s Tale, Publisher: Vintage Publishing.1985. ISBN: 9781784708238.
²The Handmaid's Tale (2017–) Company Credits. IMDb. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5834204/companycredits?ref_=tt_ql_dt_4 Accessed March 14, 2021.
³Bowers, Alison. Dystopia Rouge: A Series of Crewel Jokes aka Check Your Bias. 2019. From Quilts and Human Rights, Quilts and Human Rights. Published in The Quilt Index, https://quiltindex.org//view/?type=fullrec&kid=45-46-25. Accessed 03/14/21.
⁴Eulalie Osgood Grover. The Sunbonnet Babies Primer. 1902 (Chicago: Rand, McNally). Library of Congress categorization PE1119 .G8. https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6917289M/The_sunbonnet_babies'_primer Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁵Carla Hart Tilghman. "The Life, Death and Resurrection of Sunbonnet Sue." December 2012 AMS 801:1-23. https://www.academia.edu/5767883/The_Life_Death_and_Resurrection_of_Sun_Bonnet_Sue?auto=download Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁶Janet Gilbert. "A Brief History of Sunbonnet Sue." Classic Sewing Magazine. July 6, 2016. https://www.classicsewingmagazine.com/sunbonnet-sue/ Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁷"Biography of Marie Webster." Quilters Hall of Fame Inductee 1991. https://quiltershalloffame.net/marie-webster/ Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁸Harry Macdonough & the Haydn Quartet. Sunbonnet Sue. 1908. Recording on Victor 5568. https://youtu.be/QHnr9Gul9ek Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁹The Quilt Index – search results for pattern name ‘Sunbonnet Sue’. https://quiltindex.org/results/?search=quilts&back=pattern-names&pattern_name=Sunbonnet%20Sue Accessed March 14, 2021.
¹⁰"Holly Hobbie." Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Hobbie (Accessed June 16, 2021).
¹¹Brackman Barbara; Metinger, Nancy; Dwigans, Cathy; Metzinger, Laurie Schwarm; Hood, Gloria; Englinski, Georgann; Dill, Bonnie; Boyer, Patty; Kelley, Bette; Jones, Carol Gilham; Dangerfield, Nadra; Anderson, Brya. The Sun Sets on Sunbonnet Sue. c.1979. From Michigan State University Museum, Michigan Quilt Project; Michigan State University Museum Collection. Published in The Quilt Index. https://quiltindex.org//view/?type=fullrec&kid=12-8-1. Accessed: February 16, 2021.
¹²Carla Hart Tilghman. "The Life, Death and Resurrection of Sunbonnet Sue." December 2012 AMS 801:1-23. https://www.academia.edu/5767883/The_Life_Death_and_Resurrection_of_Sun_Bonnet_Sue?auto=download Accessed March 14, 2021.
¹³"Ruth Bader Ginsburg." Wikipedia. March 12, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg Accessed March 14, 2021.
¹⁴"Theresa May." Wikipedia. March 13, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May Accessed March 14, 2021
¹⁵The Guardian. "How the Handmaids Tale Dressed Protests Across the World." August 3, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/03/how-the-handmaids-tale-dressed-protests-across-the-world Accessed March 14, 2021.
¹⁶Baumstark et al. Craftivism Manifesto. https://craftivism.com Accessed March 14, 2021.
¹⁷Contemporary Quilt Activism (Craftivism): Craft + Activism = Craftivism. World Quilts/The American Story. International Quilt Museum, University of Nebraska. 2013. https://worldquilts.quiltstudy.org/americanstory/engagement/contemporaryactivism Accessed March 14, 2021.
¹⁸Sara Trail, Melinda Newton. No. 2 Pencil Power, inspired by Social Justice Sewing Academy at the National Quilt Museum. The National Quilt Museum Block of the Month Club. January 2020. https://quiltmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/JAN-2020-BOTM-pattern2.pdf Accessed March 14, 2021
¹⁹"The Changi Quilt: Secrets and Survival; the Story of the Changi Quilt." The British Red Cross. 2018. https://changi.redcross.org.uk/ Accessed March 14, 2021.
²⁰Yoko Saito. "Japanese Taupe Color Theory – A Study Guide." Stitch Publications. 2013. ISBN 9780985974640.
²¹"2017 Women's March." Wikipedia. February 23, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Women%27s_March Accessed March 14, 2021
²²"Pussyhat." Wikipedia. March 13, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussyhat Accessed March 14, 2021.
²³"Me Too Movement." Wikipedia. March 12, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_Too_movement Accessed March 14, 2021
²⁴Lauren Adhav. "#TimesUp Confirms There Will Be No Black Dress Code at the Oscars." Cosmopolitan. March 2, 2018. https://www.cosmopolitan.com/style-beauty/fashion/a19056258/times-up-no-black-dress-code-oscars/ Accessed March 14, 2021.
²⁵"Girl with Balloon." Wikipedia. March 2, 2021 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_with_Balloon?wprov=sfti1 Accessed March 14, 2021.
²⁶"Watch Banksy's $1.4 Million Painting 'Self-Destruct'." YouTube. https://youtu.be/rkC80in5heU Accessed March 14, 2021.
²⁷"Sexual Orientation in the United States Military." Wikipedia. February 7, 2021 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation_in_the_United_States_military?wprov=sfti1 Accessed March 14, 2021
²⁸Hallie Jackson, Courtney Kube. "Trump's Controversial Transgender Military Policy Goes into Effect." NBC News. April 12, 2019. https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/trump-s-controversial-transgender-military-policy-goes-effect-n993826 Accessed March 14, 2021.
²⁹"Charleston Church Shooting." Wikipedia. March 11, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_church_shooting Accessed March 14, 2021.
³⁰"Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church." Wikipedia. March 1, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church Accessed March 14, 2021
³¹Elizabeth Landers, Margo Snipe. "House Passes 'Charleston Loophole Bill' on Gun Background Checks." CNN. February 28, 2019. https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/28/politics/house-passes-charleston-loophole-bill/index.html Accessed March 14, 2021.
³²"Charlottesville Car Attack." Wikipedia. February 25, 2021 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville_car_attack?wprov=sfti1 Accessed March 14, 2021.
³³"Stoneman Douglas High School Shooting." Wikipedia. March 14, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoneman_Douglas_High_School_shooting Accessed March 14, 2021.
³⁴"March for Our Lives." Wikipedia. February 28, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Our_Lives Accessed March 14, 2021.
³⁵"March for Science." Wikipedia. March 12, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Science Accessed March 14, 2021.
³⁶"Paris Agreement." Wikipedia. March 14, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement Accessed March 14, 2021.
³⁷Matt McGrath. "Climate change: US Formally Withdraws from Paris Agreement." BBC News. November 4, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-54797743 Accessed March 14, 2021.
³⁸"David Attenborough." Wikipedia. March 12, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Attenborough Accessed March 14, 2021.
³⁹"Greta Thunberg." Wikipedia. March 13, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greta_Thunberg Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁴⁰"The Jane Goodall Institute." Projects Blog. https://www.janegoodall.org/our-work/projects/ Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁴¹"2017 Atlantic Hurricane Season." Wikipedia. March 8, 2021 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁴²"2018 Atlantic Hurricane Season." Wikipedia. June 1, 2021 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Atlantic_hurricane_season#:~:text=2018%20Atlantic%20hurricane%20season%20%20%20%20Total,%20172%20total%20%2015%20more%20rows Accessed June 18, 2021.
⁴³"2018 Southern California Mudflows." Wikipedia. February 23, 2021 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Southern_California_mudflows#:~:text=Homes%20and%20streets%20of%20a%20neighborhood%20affected%20by,%20%2023%20%203%20more%20rows Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁴⁴Jason Gooljar. Fact Sheet: Plastics in the Ocean. Earth Day 2018 – End Plastic Pollution. April 5, 2018. https://www.earthday.org/fact-sheet-plastics-in-the-ocean/
⁴⁵"Flint Water Crisis." Wikipedia. March 12, 2021 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_water_crisis Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁴⁶"Space Force." Wikipedia. March 13, 2021 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_force Accessed March 14, 2021.
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⁴⁸NASA. "Release 17-050: NASA Acting Administrator Statement on Fiscal Year 2018 Budget Proposal May 23, 2017." https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-acting-administrator-statement-on-fiscal-year-2018-budget-proposal-0 Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁴⁹"Vital, On-Demand Delivery for the World Enabled by the Fastest and Most Experienced Drone Delivery Service." Zipline. https://flyzipline.com/ Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁵⁰Amazon. "First Prime Air Delivery December 7, 2016." https://www.amazon.com/Amazon-Prime-Air/b?ie=UTF8&node=8037720011 Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁵¹"Rebel Alliance." Wikipedia. March 13, 2021 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_Alliance Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁵²James Freeman. "Electrical Symbols for Electrical Schematic Diagrams." Edraw. March 2021. https://www.edrawsoft.com/electrical-symbols.html#:~:text=Electrical%20%20%20%20Name%20%20%20,or%20m%20...%20%2041%20more%20rows Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁵³"Ohm." Wikipedia. February 26, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁵⁴FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. "Advancing Health Through Innovation: 2017 New Drug Therapy Approvals." January 2018. https://www.fda.gov/media/110526/download Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁵⁵FDA. "Hematology/Oncology (Cancer) Approvals & Safety Notifications." March 10, 2021. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/hematologyoncology-cancer-approvals-safety-notifications Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁵⁶FDA. "Approved Cellular and Gene Therapy Products. February 5, 2021." https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/cellular-gene-therapy-products/approved-cellular-and-gene-therapy-products Accessed March 14, 2021.
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⁵⁸WHO. "Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals: Poliomyelitis." February 9, 2017. https://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/poliomyelitis/en/ Accessed March 14, 2021.
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⁶⁰Bill Chappell. "Trump Administration Restricts Federal Research Involving Human Fetal Tissue." NPR. June 5, 2019. https://www.npr.org/2019/06/05/729983644/trump-administration-bars-federal-research-involving-human-fetal-tissue Accessed March 14, 2021.
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⁶⁴"Government Shutdowns in the United States." Wikipedia. 19 February 2021 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_shutdowns_in_the_United_States Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁶⁵Allyson Chiu. The Washington Post. "‘A travesty to this nation’: People are destroying Joshua trees in Joshua Tree National Park. Jan. 11, 2019." https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/01/11/travesty-this-nation-people-are-destroying-joshua-trees-joshua-tree-national-park/ Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁶⁶"DREAM Act." Wikipedia. March 3, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DREAM_Act#:~:text=and%20economic%20potential.-,DREAMers%20movement,immigration%2C%20education%2C%20and%20citizenship Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁶⁷"A Nation of Immigrants." Wikipedia. January 15, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Nation_of_Immigrants Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁶⁸"Central American migrant caravans." Wikipedia. March 7, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_American_migrant_caravans Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁶⁹"Trump migrant separation policy: Children 'in cages' in Texas." BBC News. June 18, 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-44518942 Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁷⁰Rahul Rathi. "Effect of Cambridge Analytica’s Facebook Ads on the 2016 US Presidential Election." Towards Data Science. January 13, 2019. https://towardsdatascience.com/effect-of-cambridge-analyticas-facebook-ads-on-the-2016-us-presidential-election-dacb5462155d Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁷¹Shankar Vedantam, Rhaina Cohen, Tara Boyle. "Stop The Presses! Newspapers Affect Us, Often In Ways We Don't Realize." NPR. April 30, 2020. https://www.npr.org/2020/04/30/848404620/stop-the-presses-newspapers-affect-us-often-in-ways-we-dont-realize Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁷²Department of Health and Human Services. "Affordable Care Act (ACA)" https://www.healthcare.gov/glossary/affordable-care-act/ Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁷³"Affordable Care Act." Wikipedia. March 7, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act?wprov=sfti1 Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁷⁴"Roe v. Wade." Wikipedia. March 6, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_v._Wade?wprov=sfti1 Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁷⁵"Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc." Wikipedia. January 15, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby_Stores,_Inc.?wprov=sfti1 Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁷⁶"Women's Suffrage in the United States." Wikipedia. March 11, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_suffrage_in_the_United_States?wprov=sfti1 Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁷⁷"Women's Suffrage in the United Kingdom." Wikipedia. March 7, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom?wprov=sfti1 Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁷⁸"Women's Suffrage in New Zealand." Wikipedia. March 3, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_suffrage_in_New_Zealand?wprov=sfti1 Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁷⁹"Women's Social and Political Union." Wikipedia. February 17, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_Social_and_Political_Union?wprov=sfti1 Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁸⁰"Gerrymandering in the United States." Wikipedia. March 2, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrymandering_in_the_United_States?wprov=sfti1 Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁸¹Vann R Newkirk II. The Georgia Governor’s Race Has Brought Voter Suppression Into Full View. November 6, 2018. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/11/how-voter-suppression-actually-works/575035/ Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁸²"Brett Kavanaugh." Wikipedia. March 12, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁸³"Ruth Bader Ginsburg." Wikipedia. March 12, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁸⁴"Donald Trump." Wikipedia. March 14, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁸⁵"Second impeachment of Donald Trump." Wikipedia. March 14, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁸⁶Amanda Grace Sikarskie. "American Quilts of Patriotism and Political Commentary." The Quilt Index. 2011. https://quiltindex.org/view/?type=essays&kid=1-112-2 Accessed March 14, 2021.
⁸⁷"Craftivism." Wikipedia. February 20, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craftivism Accessed March 14, 2021.

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